A week after the Las Vegas shooting, Kevin McMahill, the undersheriff of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department, appeared visibly frustrated at a press conference.
Authorities had run down more than 1,000 leads in the investigation into the October 1 massacre. But they still were struggling to determine why Stephen Paddock fired on a packed crowd of concertgoers, killing 58 people and wounding hundreds more. Why was he trying to kill so many people?
McMahill asked the public to avoid the constant rumor and speculation about Paddock’s motives, which he said were understandable but unhelpful.
“I get it,” he said. “We all want answers.”
A month after the deadly rampage, little has changed in the investigation. Even so, there remains an intense focus on figuring out the shooter’s motivation.
But why exactly? Paddock is dead of a self-inflicted gunshot wound. Police are looking to find out if anyone knew of his plans ahead of time, but they have said he acted alone. There will be no criminal case against him. Learning his motivation won’t bring back the dead or help heal the nearly 500 wounded.
Does his motivation even matter? Why do we care so much about the motives of mass shooters?
The answer, according to experts in profiling mass shooters, is that we dig into the motive of mass killings to try to prevent future attacks, adjust policy and — perhaps most of all — satisfy our own human curiosity.
“Everybody is talking about this. Everybody is asking ‘Why’d he do it? What’s the reason?’ ” said Jeffrey Simon, a visiting lecturer at the University of California, Los Angeles, and the author of “Lone Wolf Terrorism: Understanding the Growing Threat.”
“It’s just human nature to speculate and want to know why something occurred.”
Lessons learned
For Mary Ellen O’Toole, a former senior FBI profiler and author of “The School Shooter: A Threat Assessment Perspective,” understanding a mass killer’s motives can help stop future attacks.
“I like to think of these things as education,” she said.
The public has a misunderstanding of how these mass shooters radicalize, she said. In general, they don’t suddenly “snap.” Instead, they slowly radicalize to the point where their brains begin to see other humans as objects and just a means to a desired end.
Elliot Rodger, who killed six people at the University of California, Santa Barbara, in 2014, had written a lengthy manifesto describing plans to kill “beautiful girls” and “popular people” after years of rejection and jealousy.
The 22-year-old Rodger fatally stabbed his three roommates before shooting dead two women outside a sorority house and another man inside a deli. He wounded 13 others during his shooting spree before killing himself.
If we understand that end goal — the motive — then we can better understand how the process of radicalization happened and whether any groups or causes contributed to that. That may help the public better predict who might be at risk for radicalizing and prevent future attacks, O’Toole said.
“I find that this is a teachable moment, and we don’t want to lose that opportunity,” she said.
Policy changes
A killer’s motivation can also lead to policy changes, taking on that issue on a local, state or national level.
For example, Dylann Roof, motivated by white supremacist beliefs, killed nine people in a historically black church in Charleston, South Carolina, in 2015.
Afterward, several states in the South began to reconsider monuments or symbols of the Confederacy, which critics felt glorified the history of racism and slavery. South Carolina, in particular, passed legislation ordering the removal of the Confederate flag from state Capitol grounds.
“I think it’s part of human nature,” said Michael Stone, a professor of clinical psychiatry at Columbia University who has studied hundreds of mass killings.
“When something terrible happens, you want to know what were the factors that led up to it and whether there’s something about it that we could spot beforehand. Maybe we could head trouble off at the pass.”
Other mass killings have sparked policy changes on a wider scale. The Columbine High School shootings in Colorado in 1999 led to a sharper focus on bullying as an underlying cause of violent behavior, and various states have passed anti-bullying laws in the years since, according to an analysis of state bullying laws.
In Orlando last year, a gunman’s targeted killing of 49 people at Pulse, a gay nightclub, led to much stronger support for the LGBTQ community, local lawmakers have said.
“You always have lessons learned after any kind of incident such as this, whether terrorist-related or not terrorist-related,” Simon said.
‘Part of human nature’
But there’s also an essential human component to knowing a shooter’s motivation. Stone, who wrote the book “The Anatomy of Evil,” which explores the motivations and mindsets of the world’s most prominent killers, said there’s a “fascination” with such people.
“It’s very hard to escape the fascination with these mass killers and mass murderers, and also the wish to have answers to what prompts some of these people to do these kinds of things,” he said.
In general, mass killers, almost all of whom are young men, are motivated by some combination of paranoia and mental illness or financial and social problems, he said. A disgruntled recently fired worker, perhaps, or a jilted lover.
Paddock, though, doesn’t seem to fit that type. He was a 64-year-old retired accountant with a girlfriend and plenty of money to spend. Investigators said they hadn’t learned anything in his social life, finances or political beliefs that explained his path to radicalization.
“He doesn’t fit into the major categories,” Stone said. “Because Paddock doesn’t fit in, he’s all the more intriguing. So people are pounding on the table, ‘We have to figure this guy out.’ ”
The large number of casualties in the Las Vegas shooting also makes these questions particularly relevant. Not knowing why it happened leaves many grieving families with lingering questions.
“In the end, (the motive) doesn’t change anything in terms of the impact it has had on the poor people who died, who’ve been injured, their loved ones,” Simon said. “But they may also want some type of closure as to why in the world did this occur.”
McMahill, the undersheriff, said law enforcement will continue to dig into Paddock’s background to learn more. O’Toole said she believes investigators should expend every effort to uncover his motivation.
“This was too horrible a crime, too extraordinary a crime to not to close the books (on),” O’Toole said. “(We are) obligated to the country, obligated to the citizens of Las Vegas, obligated to the families to understand why this happened.”